Indonesian EFL Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of English Critical Reading
Abstract
Critical reading (CR) is a crucial academic literacy skill for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students to evaluate and engage with academic texts. This mixed-method study explored Indonesian EFL students’ perceptions of critical reading, including their self-assessed CR skills, perceived institutional support, gender differences, and frequently read English reading materials. Quantitative data were collected from 100 students through questionnaires, followed by interviews with 10 participants. Results showed that students had positive perceptions of critical reading and recognized the importance of this skill in an academic context. However, advanced skills such as identifying bias and evaluating arguments remain challenging. The study found that gender was not a significant factor. Qualitative findings revealed linguistic difficulties and limited institutional support, even though students frequently interact with academic texts. Practical implications for teachers and educational institutions in the Indonesian context are put forward.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abd El-Hallim, D. N. L. (2025). A Program Based on Critical Reading Strategies for Improving the Content-Area EFL Reading Comprehension Skills of the Mass- Media Students at the Faculty of Specific Education. 11(2), 270–354. https://doi.org/10.21608/jsezu.2025.420902
Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality, and behavior (2nd ed.). Open University Press.
Anaktototy, K., & Lesnussa, I. (2022). Improving EFL Students’ Reading Comprehension and Critical Thinking Skill through Directed Reading Thinking Activity. Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing Dan Sastra, 6(1), 244. https://doi.org/10.26858/eralingua.v6i1.27711
Berhanu Jarssa, A., Woemego Bushisso, E., & Gebremariam Olamo, T. (2025). Effects of Integrated Reading Approach on EFL Secondary School Students: Enhancing Reading Self-Efficacy and Motivation. SAGE Open, 15(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251370451
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Chou, M. H. (2016). Developing EFL students’ critical reading skills: A pedagogical framework. English Teaching & Learning, 40(2), 39–62.
Cresswell, J. W. and C. J. D. (2022). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications. Approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dewi, Nuri Ati Ningsih, S.Pd., M. P., & Arri Kurniawan, S.S., M. P. (2025). The Relationship between EFL Students’ Critical Thinking and Their Reading Comprehension. Papanda Journal of English Education, 4(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.56916/pjee.v4i1.1992
Diyah, Betty, S. (2024). Developing A Critical Literacy Rubric To Assess Efl Students' Critical Literacy Skills Diyah Ayu Rizqiani 1, Betty Sailun 2, Sari Herlina 3. 8(2), 12–28.
Dörnyei, Z. (2019). Psychology and language learning: The role of motivation and emotion. Routledge.
Elder, L., & Paul, R. (2004). Critical thinking and the art of close reading. Journal of Developmental Education, 28(2), 36–38.
Grabe, W., & Stoller, F. L. (2011). Teaching and researching reading (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Heine, A., Hackemann, T., & Höttecke, D. (2022). Challenging to read, easy to comprehend? Effects of linguistic demands on secondary students’ text comprehension in physics. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 20(6), 1173–1195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-022-10306-1
Hidayat, R. A. U., Setyaarini, S., Gustine, G. G., & Hermawan, B. (2024). Primary School Teachers’ Perceptions of Critical Literacy in EFL Classrooms. Mimbar Sekolah Dasar, 11(4), 688– 701. https://doi.org/10.53400/mimbar-sd.v11i4.78721
Islamiah, N., Aprizani, Y., & Perdana, I. (2017). EFL reading comprehension and reading strategies of different genders. Studies in English Language and Education, 4(2), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i2.6658
Jang, E., & Kim, Y. (2020). Gender differences in critical reading performance among EFL university learners. Journal of Asia TEFL, 17(4), 1123–1138. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2020.17.4.4.1123
Julianti, R., Dewi Anggung, S., & Ima, N. (2024). Undergraduate EFL Students’ Perspective on Critical Reading. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 7(2), 2024. https://doi.org/10.34050/elsjish.v7i2.36589
Kadir, F. A., Subramaniam, G., & Razali, A. B. (2014). Critical reading skills among EFL undergraduate students. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134, 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.228
Khathayut, P., & Walker-Gleaves, C. (2025). An Exploration of EFL Students’ Perceptions of English Critical Reading: A Case of Thai Undergraduate Students in Songkhla Province. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 18(2), 183–211.https://doi.org/10.70730/mrtq9889
Le, H. Van, Nguyen, T. A. D., Le, D. H. N., Nguyen, P. U., & Nguyen, T. T. A. (2024). Unveiling critical reading strategies and challenges: a mixed-methods study among English major students in a Vietnamese higher education institution. Cogent Education, 11(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2326732
Liu, F. (2018). Difficulties in developing critical reading skills in EFL academic contexts. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(2), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n2p25
Liu, Y. (2017). Critical Literacy Practices in EFL Reading Classroom -An Experimental Study towards Chinese University Students. English Language Teaching, 10(5), 133.https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n5p133
Maab, S. H., Ramadhanti, S. F., Payung, N. F., & Yulia, Y. (2024). Critical thinking in academic reading: EFL students’ perceptions and challenges. VELES: Journal of English Language Education Studies, 8(1), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v8i1.25096
Mardiah, D., Cahyani, I., Putri, Y. G., & Mayang, D. (2025). Indonesian Journal of Educational Development. Indonesian Journal of Educational Development (IJED), 6(1), 29–40.
Olifant, T., Cekiso, M., & Rautenbach, E. (2020). Critical reading perceptions and practices of English First Additional Language learners in Gauteng, Tshwane South district. Reading and Writing (South Africa), 11(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/RW.V11I1.281
Rianto, A. (2021). Examining gender differences in reading strategies, reading skills, and English proficiency of EFL university students. Cogent Education, 8(1), 1993531. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.1993531
Safitri, N. T., & Melati, M. (2023). EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension Level: What Do They Portray? Scope : Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(2), 247. https://doi.org/10.30998/scope.v7i2.16359
Septiani, R., Muluk, S., & Habiburrahim, H. (2024). The implementation of the flipped classroom approach to improve the EFL students’ reading ability. Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities, 11(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.22373/ej.v11i2.22732
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive load theory. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4
Wallace, C. (2003). Critical reading in language education. Palgrave Macmillan.
Wale, B. D., & Bishaw, K. S. (2020). Effects of using inquiry-based learning on EFL students’ critical thinking skills. Asian-Pacific Journal of Secondand Foreign Language Education, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-020-00090-2
Wasti, S. P., Simkhada, P., van Teijlingen, E., Sathian, B., & Banerjee, I. (2022). The Growing Importance of Mixed-Methods Research in Health. Nepal Journal of Epidemiology, 12(1), 1175–1178.https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v12i1.43633
Yulian, R. (2021). The flipped classroom: Improving critical thinking for critical reading of efl learners in higher education. Studies in English Language and Education, 8(2), 508–522. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i2.18366
Zhang, Y. (2020). Developing EFL Students’ Critical Thinking Competence in English Reading Class. Creative Education, 11(07), 1145–1151. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.117085
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v11i1.2066
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinda Putri Azhipa, Daflizar Daflizar, Musdizal Musdizal

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


