Students’ Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence Use in English Writing: Evidence from Vocational High School Students
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in English writing instruction to support idea generation, drafting, revision, and editing. However, research on vocational high school students’ perceptions of AI-supported English writing in Indonesia remains limited. This study examined students’ perceptions of AI applications in English writing at SMK Negeri 2 Bengkulu City. A descriptive quantitative survey involved 70 tenth-grade students selected purposively based on their prior experience using AI applications. Data were collected using an adapted 20-item questionnaire covering motivation, learning quality, AI value, cognitive learning, affective learning, and course quality. Descriptive analysis examined mean scores and percentages to determine students’ perceptions across the six dimensions. The findings revealed a very high overall perception of AI-supported English writing learning (M = 4.22; 84.4%). Course quality received the highest rating (M = 4.26; 85.2%), whereas cognitive learning recorded the lowest (M = 4.16; 83.2%). These findings indicate that students generally perceived AI positively as a supportive tool for English writing instruction. The results highlight the perceived educational value of AI while underscoring the need to strengthen its contribution to students’ cognitive engagement and independent writing development.
Keywords
References
Abdeta, M. T., Olamo, T. G., & Woldeyes, K. M. (2026). Effects of Collaborative Writing on EFL Learners’ Writing Accuracy, Fluency, and Complexity: Secondary School in Focus. SAGE Open, 16(1), 21582440251413940. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251413940
Aini, N., & Basthomi, Y. (2025). Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Learning English Writing in Higher Education. Journal of Learning for Development, 12(2), 364–371. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1480327.pdf
Aljuaid, H. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence tools on academic writing instruction in higher education: A systematic review. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on ChatGPT.
Anwer, B. (2026). Trust in ChatGPT and Perceived Academic Writing Improvement: A TAM-Based Quantitative Study in an ESL Context. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 10(1), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.5282
Asif, M., Shao, Z., Sharif, M. N., & Gao, T. (2026). How Social Influence and Innovativeness Shape Technology Perceptions and Usage Intentions: A TAM Extension. BMC Psychology, 14(1), 944. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03845-z
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
Bespalyy, S., & Bespalaya, Y. (2025). Developing Sustainable Development Competencies in University Students: Academic Expectations and Labor Market Requirements. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1713352. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1713352
Creswell & Creswell. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.).
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67.
Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and Sampling Methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 149.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2019). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research.
Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007). Writing Next: Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of Adolescents in Middle and High Schools. Alliance for Excellent Education.
Harmer, J. (2006). How to Teach Writing. Pearson Education Limited.
Holmes, W., & Miao, F. (2023). Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research. UNESCO Publishing.
Holmes, W., & Tuomi, I. (2022). State of the Art and Practice in AI in Education. European Journal of Education, 57(4), 542–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12533
Hyland, K. (2019). Second Language Writing (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jannath, H., & Akter, A. (2026). Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Automated Writing Evaluation in TESOL: Effectiveness and Challenges. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 14(1), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v14i1.18165
Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P. (2010). Initial Scale Development: Sample Size for Pilot Studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(3), 394–400.
Khan, A. L. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Tools in Developing English Writing Skills: Bangladeshi University EFL Students’ Perceptions. English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.24042/ee-jtbi.v17i2.24369
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Prentice-Hall.
Kusumo, Y. W., Simanjuntak, O. S., Wiendijarti, I., & Utami, Y. S. (2024). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Thesis Writing Skills and Quality Among Students at UPN Veteran Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 22(3), 346–361.
Nakrowi, Z. S., & Lumettu, A. (2025). Two Decades of Academic Writing Assessment in Higher Education: A Bibliometric and Technological Trend Analysis of Scopus (2000-2025). International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(10), 279–306.
Nandha, M. S., & Widiastuty, H. (2024). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Students’ English Writing Proficiency in Language Learning. International Seminar, 6, 1211–1221. https://conference.unita.ac.id/index.php/conference/article/view/313
Nawir, D. F., Nur, R., Ammade, S., Syawal, S., & Latifa, A. (2025). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Tools on English Language Learning: A Systematic Literature Review. Empowerment: Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, 14(2), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.22460/empowerment.v14i2.6222
Nugraheni, A. F., Arvianti, G. F., & Arochman, T. (2024). The Correlation between The Vocabulary Mastery and Writing Skills of the Ninth Graders of SMP Negeri 1 Bandongan. 7(1), 35–45.
Pratama, R. M. D., & Hastuti, D. P. (2024). The Use of Artificial Intelligence to Improve EFL Students’ Writing Skill. English Learning Innovation, 5(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.22219/englie.v5i1.30212
Rahman, W. Z. (2026). Artificial Intelligence (AI) in English Writing Skills Learning: A Systematic Review. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 5(2), 981–994. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v5i2.4727
Sürücü, L., & Maslakçı, A. (2020). Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694–2726.
Utami, S. P. T., & Winarni, R. (2023). Utilization of artificial intelligence technology in an academic writing class: How do Indonesian students perceive? Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(4).
Veri, H. D. F., & Fitria, N. H. (2024). The Effectiveness of AI Technology in Improving Academic English Writing Skills in Higher Education. Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 4(3), 579–593.
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic Review of Research on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Higher Education—Where Are the Educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Zulaiha, D., & Triana, Y. (2023). Students’ Perception Toward the Use of Open Educational Resources to Improve Writing Skills. Studies in English Language and Education, 10(1), 174–196. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v10i1.25797
Zulfa, S., Dewi, R. S., Hidayat, D. N., Hamid, F., & Defianty, M. (2023). The Use of AI and Technology Tools in Developing Students’ English Academic Writing Skills. Proceeding International Conference on Education, 47–63. https://jurnalfaktarbiyah.iainkediri.ac.id/index.php/proceedings/article/view/1811
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v11i5.3338
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahayu, Ira Maysarah, Iis Sujarwati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
